Is Facebook Making You Mean? Essay

Technology has taken over in the 21st century; the influence of the internet cannot be underestimated. Life is not as it used to be-the communal relationships that thrived before the internet age have been replaced by secluded living. Undoubtedly, technology has changed the conventional trends of human relations and processes into liberal and dynamic patterns. Sherry Turkle in Connectivity and its Discontents explores how technology has extended the distance between people; technology controls the connections between people. According to Turkle (p. 619), â€Å"Technology makes it easy to communicate when we wish and to disengage at will.† Human relations are characterized by confusion today, as people do not distinguish between being close and apart. Even in an audience, people are busy with their technology gadgets; though the physical presence is evident, the conscious is far away. An analysis on Turkle’s article explores the dissociative nature of technology, and it effect on humans. Historically people confined in one another but nowadays technology has become the new way of defending people from loneliness (Turkle, 619). The effects of technology are not only being felt in human relationships, but also in our cognitive abilities. As Nicholas Carr puts it in the article, Is Google making Us Stupid? â€Å"The internet has become the universal medium through which information flows through my ears and eyes to the brain.† (p. 1) Carr’s article highlights that the internet has eroded the capacity of humans to concentrate and contemplate on what they read. Instead of reading texts for comprehension, technology has transformed people into passive readers who skim over literature; the vast information on the internet allows them to access content easily; hence, avoiding the conventional long reading. Carr points out on Scott Karp, an online media writer who confesses of having stopped reading books because of the availability of information on the internet (Carr, 2). An analysis of Carr’s article and the contemporary trends show that people are shifting to online reading to avoid the tra ditional reading. Even with online reading, numerous people are reading quickly through titles and contents without having deep comprehension. Thus, the capacity to interpret texts in a deep and meaningful way is slowly fading away because of massive internet use. Lauren Tarshis in Is Facebook Making You Mean asserts that social media has given young people a platform to connect and share ideas, but the liberal online space can be detrimental if it is not used in the right way. According to Tarshis, jokes on Facebook can go far and hurt feelings of people especially when posting offensive and embarrassing comments. Teenagers should learn to be more sensitive while posting comments on Facebook (Tarshis, 18). An analysis of the article draws the conclusion that without the physical connection between people, it is often easy to overlook emotions in online communication. Offensive comments and perceptions stem from the lack of physical and emotional touch between people. The three articles connect with one another by exposing the effects of technology on human relations. Technology has contributed to passivity in human relations as advanced by Turkle and Tarshis. Technology creates an emotional and physical distance between people, which can translate into hurting one another as elaborated by Tarshis. Moreover, technology contributes to individual passivity where by people are not in a position to read texts comprehensively and interpret meaningfully. Indeed, technology is a medium of massive influence on modern man; only time can tell to what extent it will affect human relations and processes. References Carr, Nicholas. â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?† The Atlantic. The Atlantic, July 2008. Thurs. 13 June. 2014. Tarshis, Lauren. â€Å"Is Facebook Making You Mean?† Scholatic.com/scope. Scholastic Press. 5 Sept. 2011. Thurs. 13 June 2014. Turkle, Sherry. â€Å"Connectivity and Its Discontents.† Fields of Reading. Ed. Nancy Comley et.al. Boston: Bedford, 2013. 619-623. Print. Source document

Commerce vs Humanities Essay

In today’s times there is a clear-cut distinction between certain tertiary educational courses, namely the two major aspects of Commerce or business and Humanities or liberal arts. I believe though that the distinction of the two interwoven materials is incorrect and that an integration of the materials taught must be established. In this essay I will clarify that the one is not more necessary than the other but that they are equally essential and crucial to the development of civilisation’s enhancement. There are vast similarities and differences between these two faculties with regards to their content, skills taught and overall educational learning. Most of my essay will revolve around how the Commerce and the Humanity faculties not only prepare you for life’s ambitions, experiences and setbacks but also the role that a the degrees play in the lives of students. In my essay I will convey the response that a Commerce degree does not necessarily prepare a student for life’s experiences nor that it is much superior to how a Humanities course ensures a student’s higher learning and further development. A problematic scenario however is created when a comparison is made between the two faculties and that is that the two faculties may view certain facets of the world the correspondingly. On the one hand the Commerce faculty deals with what works and anticipates predictions, numbers, trends, how the world works from a business perspective and how the core needs and wants of the world are satisfied but on the other side of the spectrum the Humanities faculty preaches philosophical concepts, why the world works, understanding human behaviour on a larger scale, the teaching and understanding of complex ideas by studying history and through data collection. Personally I review the Commerce or Humanities faculty in equal regard however with regards to the comment â€Å"A career without a life is empty; a life without a career is tragic† I cannot come to an understanding and agree more. The Commerce faculty may have a constricted and narrow approach to teaching certain materials in the Commerce courses but I believe that various other positive life lessons and skills are learned indirectly from those materials. Some of the major and most vital skills learned from some of the alleged â€Å"tedious and useless† Commerce courses for example accounting, teach the most vigorous of life’s skills including problem solving, critical thinking, data handling and writing and speaking persuasively. These are also only the indirect skills being acknowledged and recognized when the genuine skills being taught are how to record and report on the financial transactions of a business. This proves how versatile, balanced and essential one of the most loathed subject courses in the Commerce faculty is and how important it is for life and a career as a whole. Therefore with regards to the Commerce faculty it not only adequately prepares you for a career in a specific field but also enriches a student’s life and furthers their development. The role a Commerce degree plays in the life of a student is therefore tremendous. It acts as a balancing of practical and theoretical life lessons and skills being communicated and learned which ensures the students optimal choices in life as a whole and in his/her career choice. Another factor that is positive for Commerce students is that of job possibilities and choice. Most Commerce degrees are held in high esteem and can assist in securing a career in a specific field. Commerce students are taught many practical skills used in the workplace and will be very beneficial when trying to acquire a job. I believe though that the Commerce faculty does adequately prepare the student for both life and a career but that just by saying that a Commerce degree prepares one for a career is ill-advised and misguided. The problem though is that many of the students enrolled in the Commerce Faculty are not exposed to other certain life skills that the Humanities faculty teaches and that could be incorporated in the student’s courses and therefore further enhance their development. The Humanities faculty prides itself on not teaching practical skills but rather educating their students on perspective. The courses that are provided and taught in the Humanities faculty are primarily subjective. Courses for example like philosophy, politics, ethics and economic history  are largely source based and opinionated whereby justification is fundamental and facts or source work must be well documented. Philosophy on the other hand is another topic for review. A subject like philosophy which is a higher learning subject should not only be taught in mainstream Humanity courses but also incorporated into most Commerce degrees as it teaches a way of thinking that is vital to all parts of life and especially can be integrated with regards to a career choice and the skills learnt could be manipulated in the business world. The different ways of thinking taught in philosophy could be advantageous in the workplace when creative ideas are needed or an extra tool for problem solving need be incorporated. The Humanity faculty’s major social skills include creativity, inspection, predictions, the development of interpersonal skills, perspective skills and theoretical knowledge and understanding. These skills can more than adequately prepare one for the job market and ensure a career. Some skills learnt in the Humanities can also be specialized in order to learn a certain trade or expertise for an example a student could take anthropology as a course and further on in their educational career could specialize into becoming an anthropologist. The foremost factor that I have a problem with though is when people compare the two faculties. Both faculties must be measured on different scales and appeal to very different people. The idea of tertiary education though as a whole can and should be measured not by the individual resources that it comprises of but the skills learned as a whole. The argument here is that it does not necessarily matter whether you study a Commerce or Humanity degree but as long as the student is being shown and is learning the obligatory social skills needed to ensure sustainability and further growth of humanity. Another problem I have about the discussion of whether or not the one degree is superior than the other is that degrees in actual fact do not teach students practical knowledge. When an educated student with a degree in hand wants to acquire a job usually the company needs the person to require job experience. This not only disputes the complete argument of whether or not a degree prepares one for the job market but also which degree is better suited that the next. Practical experience earned from previous occupations is not only held in higher regard than a degree but is more useful to an employer whom does not want to waste time teaching a new employee, when he can employ a candidate whom already possesses the necessary skills. Therefore I believe that a fusion of Commerce â€Å"practical† skills and that of Humanities â€Å"theoretical† skills should be introduced. The fusion of the discussed skills would be immensely beneficial to all students wanting to get involved in the business world and would assist the same students on everyday decision making. A mixture of these skills would also adequately prepare a more balanced student for the labour force of South Africa and therefore improve the efficiency of the South African economy. The problem though on the other hand is that students which would have a more diverse set of skills and knowledge may be disadvantaged in certain areas of the business world as opposed to a more specialized student introduced into the job market. A specialized student may have extra insight into a particular career and therefore more â€Å"useful† or â€Å"valuable† to a company but the perfect combination of a predominantly business orientated degree unified with a small number of Humanity courses for example philosophy and economic history would produce the perfectly balanced student for both the career world and life. In my essay I have explained and clarified that a clear cut Commerce degree on its own is not the optimal choice for a student wanting to enter the business world or the optimum choice to ensure they fulfil their full potential in life. Therefore as I have discussed in my essay a perfect balance of Commerce courses and a merging of Humanities courses will be impeccable and flawless in the development of the future generations of the South African populace.

The challenge of managing diverse teams Assignment - 2

The challenge of managing diverse teams - Assignment Example The group does leverage on the skills of fellow group members as opposed to the performance of a lone ranger. It is significant to appreciate that nobody owns a monopoly of knowledge. Therefore, the chance of satisfactory execution of duty in a group setting by far exceeds that of a solo attempt, based on the scope of available knowledge. The benefits of a richly varied team are not confined to the technical know-how only. Teams can boost performance by way of pivoting each other emotionally. The incidence of duty and obligations on an individual has more impact on them when they are alone than when in a group setting. Teams lessen the burden and make it appear lighter and manageable. The sense of collective responsibility has an effect of making job demands tolerable and manageable thus less strenuous to the involved parties. In essence, even when the particular tasks are in their true nature draining, diversity of team dynamics is able to diffuse its enormity and reduce it to an ordinary task. According to top management at Ford Motor Company, diversity of their workforce has fuelled sustainability of their long term brand in the turbulent motor vehicle industry (Ford Corporate, n.d.). Given the stiff competition from German and Japanese car makers, Ford still retains its global foothold. The magnitude of the work involved has necessitated the formation of diversified work teams to pool intelligence and create authentic products. A case in hand is in the designing of the cars. Given the global distribution of their clientele, Ford has decided not to narrow down its design experts to a homogenous pool of experts. On the contrary, it has sourced for a more diversified cadre of professionals who are a fair representation of the interests of their clients. There are women, nationals of different countries, lovers of flamboyant cars and others representing other interests. The result of that

Relationship between ownership structure, investment and corporate Essay

Relationship between ownership structure, investment and corporate value - Essay Example f such literature talks about the relationship between managerial ownership levels, the direct investment decisions made by management and the natural value of the firm. Moreover, there were many arguing studies done in almost the same year from different authors and researchers. Just like Morck, Shleifer and Vishny (1988), McConnell and Servaes (1990), and Hermalin and Weisbach (1991) provide facts and verification of a significant non-linear relationship between corporate value and managerial ownership. They argue that corporate value increases with management equity holdings to a particular level after which entrenchment behavior becomes dominant, resulting into a decrease in firm value. Out of the three studies, it was only McConnell and Servaes (1990) that have reported no change in the relationship between corporate value and managerial holdings at certain high levels of equity ownership. However, such earlier findings were found to formulate doubts when compared to works of Cho (1998) and Himmelberg, Hubbard and Palia (1999). Cho (1998) showed that managerial ownership had no effect on corporate value and investment but the only the corporate value that had a considerable impact on managerial ownership through the application of a two-stage least squares methodology. One must choose an ownership structure prior to starting a business. It may come into varying types of ownership whether sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation (for-profit and nonprofit), cooperative, or limited liability company (LLC). Although these types are being utilized by many businesses, there is no one preference that fits for every business. This is for the reason that each of these ownership structures has its certain advantages and disadvantages in a business and thus the choice of ownership structure depends on the form that would best suit and meet its needs. In saying so, there would be a need for a careful evaluation of the most important considerations in

Three cheers for the surveillance society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three cheers for the surveillance society - Essay Example According to Brin, surveillance society is characterized by immense and irreversible developments in technology that increasingly enables sophisticated surveillance. Brin sees the movement toward the surveillance society as an inevitable process driven by the constant advancement of technology. Hence, the image of technological development as an inexorably rising tide. The mainstay of Brin's argument on surveillance society is the technological environment that makes the emergence of a surveillance society not only a concrete possibility but also a reality in the making. Most importantly, there is nothing inevitable with human societies. Although, the technological developments and the consequent emergence of surveillance society at present may seen as an irreversible phenomenon, there is no guarantee that alternate forms of society cannot emerge. Both culture and politics have tremendous influence in bringing about such profound changes, a fact that Brin has not reflected upon. The problem is that Brin, in his rush to reach the conclusion of "surveillance society", has been overwhelmed by the recent developments in technology that trapped him in a kind of crass technological determinism whereas he identifies technological development as the moving force of human history.

INTRODUCTION TO CIVILIZATION-unit 4, question #3 Essay

INTRODUCTION TO CIVILIZATION-unit 4, question #3 - Essay Example The biggest similarity between the tool-kits of the farmer and hunter-gatherer groups were the materials that they tools were made from. According to Howard Spodek, author of the book entitled The Worlds History, tools were generally made of materials such as stone, wood, and bone(Spodek, 2006). Additionally, both hunter-gatherer and farming civilizations had tools for cutting and scraping specifically as these tools were necessary for every day life, according to Spodek(Spodek, 2006). Lastly, hunter-gatherer and farming communities utilized similar tools for their pottery, which was a big part of their lives in terms of its cultural implications, and its daily usability as storage for food, water, and other supplies(Spodek, 2006). For the most part, however, the tool-kits between these two groups differed greatly. The hunter-gatherer society had tools that were geared toward hunting, fishing, and collecting. Spears, knives, harpoons, and baskets were the primary tools utilized by this type of society(Spodek, 2006). Farming civilizations, on the other hand, had tool-kits which were much more complex because they had much more variety in terms of their daily tasks. Instead of just creating shelter and finding food, farming communities were â€Å"domesticating animals†¦cultivating crops† and also developing culture in the form of â€Å"pottery and weaving and jewelry†(Spodek, 2006). According to Spodek, farming villages had tools such as â€Å"blades, knives, sickles, arrows, daggers†¦mortars and pestles†¦and rudimentary plows and hoes(Spodek, 2006). This toolkit would be considered much more advanced than the hunter-gatherer tool-kits. Hunter-gatherer and farming societies contributed greatly to the success of humanity. Both groups had different goals and different experiences, which influenced the tools they needed on a daily basis. Due to the fact that hunter-gatherer communities began to

Myocardial Infarction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Myocardial Infarction - Research Paper Example The area deprived of blood supply is said to have suffered ischemic injury. The ischemic injury, if severe enough to cause the complete block of oxygen and nutrients causes death of the heart tissue, which is termed as Myocardial Infarction (Guyton et al 200, Ganong 2005). Pathophysiology The blood vessels supplying the heart are called coronary arteries. There are three main coronary arteries which supply different areas of heart along with their branches. These are 1) Right coronary artery, 2) Left anterior descending artery, 3) Left circumflex artery. Above 90% cases of myocardial infarction occur as a result of coronary artery blockage, thus the disease is also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD). The most common and dangerous cause of coronary artery obstruction, and thus MI is Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis refers to the narrowing of arteries because of accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are basically thrombi composed of lipid foam cells (choleste rol) and different cell components including smooth muscle, macrophages and collagen fibres. In most instances, the ischemic myocardial infarction is precipitated by the phenomenon called acute plaque change. Acute plaque change results from the rupture of pre-existing thrombi that partially occlude the lumen. The rupture exposes the underlying thrombogenic endothelium. The plaques are also termed as vulnerable plaques as they contain lipids in high amounts, along with collagen fibres and inflammatory cells. When ruptured, the reactivity of these components causes the inflammatory destabilization and result in the infarction (Libby P 2001). The acute phase reactant, C reactive protein (CRP) is thus found to be high during the acute myocardial infarction (Blake et al 2003). The infarction can occur in either of the two patterns, complete occlusion of a single coronary artery referred to as transmural infarct, which results in complete ischemia of the area supplied by that particular coronary artery. Subendocardial infarcts on the other hand occlude the arteries incompletely, and thus allow some perfusion. But since subendocardium is the least perused area of the myocardium, it is more prone to ischemic death. The aim of reperfusion is to save the viable muscle from necrosis (Huber et al 1996). The myocardial injury is reversible for up to 30 minutes after the ischemic attack, thereafter the injury becomes irreversible. The entire muscle becomes necrotic within six hours, if the collateral arteries are not well developed (Robbins et al 2005, Mohan 2007). Etiology of Myocardial Infarction The development of atherosclerotic plaques and pathogenesis of the process into the myocardial infarction is a complex one. It is a chronic disease taking years to evolve before it causes any modifiable consequences. The evolvement is subtle and the resultant damage is severe. The pathogenesis of the disease involves several factors. The balance among these factors in the long r un determines the outcome of the condition. These factors can either be modifiable or non-modifiable. The modifiable factors are the ones that a person can control by bringing about certain changes. They include controlling the level of fats in diet, cessation of smoking, regular exercise and maintaining the blood pressure in the normal range (Manson et al 1996). The hyperlipidemias, i.e. elevated low density

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Research Paper Example The procurement industry takes care of the acquisition process that is involved with the goods and services right from order placement down towards invoice and payments. It is also known as the sourcing industry. The important phases of a procurement industry bank on the purchase planning phase, the determination of the standards which essentially need to be followed, the development of proper specifications, supplier research and selection methodologies, the analysis based on the provision of value, the financing measures, the price negotiation terms and conditions, the eventual purchase, the supply contract administering, the inventory control and storage methods and lastly the disposals and related functions. There are certain specifications which essentially define the basis of process capital equipments. These requirements are specified by an engineer as he tries to bring forward a need and thus ask the vendors who are aspiring to sell him the goods and services. These vendors also suggest equipments that could fill the need which arises on the part of the engineer or the buying party. The process capital equipment therefore comes about in full circle when all the needs are fulfilled and met in a holistic way. This brings to light the notion of procurement which is deemed as very essential right from the outset. Process capital equipment touches the salient basis of procurement regimes and hence asks for the relevant equipments so that the pertinent needs and requirements could be met in a corrective fashion. This is important as it sets the ball rolling for the procurement process and indeed helps in completing the process capital realms as well. Bulk solids handling allows for provision of comprehensive knowledge as well as timely information regarding the different aspects of dry bulk materials that are essentially handled

BeckerKevinE2Phil100F2014 Essay Example for Free

BeckerKevinE2Phil100F2014 Essay Empiricism, or the belief that knowledge is achieved through the senses, was a popular belief amongst some of the greatest modern philosophers. Perhaps the most prominent Empiricists were John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, all of whom are regarded as some of the most influential philosophers of the last 500 years. Each of those philosophers can be considered Empiricists due to the importance of experience throughout their philosophical principles. More specifically, Lockes empirical views can be seen in his idea of the primary and secondary qualities of an object. Berkeleys empiricism is evident in his critique of Lockes concept of abstract ideas. Lastly, Hume can be considered as the most consistent empiricist of the group as he did not waver from experience being the source of knowledge and at the root of reasoning. His views are evident in his concept of humans having perceptions and impressions and his idea of â€Å"self†. John Lockes empirical views are evident throughout his philosophical principles. Locke believed that there were no such things as innate thoughts and that the only way a person could obtain  knowledge about something is through directly experiencing it. This is especially evident in his explanation of objects having primary and secondary qualities. Locke suggests that all things posses two qualities about them: primary qualities and secondary qualities. Primary qualities consist of traits that are completely within the object such as the shape of a ball. This primary quality about the ball will not change even when viewed from a different perspective because that is the physical structure of the ball. On the contrary, a secondary quality is a trait that requires perception by an observer. Secondary qualities are relative to the observer and change depending on the observers perspective or the physical differences between observers. For example, the color of the ball can change depending on the lighting in the room or due to an observer being color blind. In his 4th book of his Essay, Locke writes,â€Å"We cannot demonstrate the certain equality of any two degrees of whiteness; because we have no certain standard to measure them by, nor means to distinguish every the least real difference, the only help we have being from our senses, which in this point fail us. † (Locke, Book 4, Chp 2, #13). In other words, he is saying that the secondary quality of the color white cannot be scientifically quantified because each individuals perception of the color is different which prevents us from being able to determine the true â€Å"whiteness† of the given object. Locke makes this distinction between primary and secondary qualities in a response to the idea of innate thoughts, or thoughts that are naturally ingrained in our minds without having to experience them. Further, Locke is suggesting that innate thoughts are simply  common experiences. Locke also believed that the primary qualities of an object were things that could quantified and measured by the Newtonian science of the time. Lastly, Lockes concept of primary and secondary qualities indicates that he is an Empiricist because they show that he believes that we need past experiences in order to have an idea about different objects. Without experiencing the color red previously, we wouldnt have an idea of how red a ball is. George Berkeleys philosophical methodologies and principles reflect empiricist ideas as well. This is evident in his critique of John Lockes concept of abstract ideas. According to Locke, we can come up with an abstract view of, say a cat, by taking our experiences of many different cats and extracting from them common properties that all cats have. This abstract idea therefore applies to all cats despite their size, breed, or coat color. Berkeley argued that these abstract ideas cannot be thought about in our mind without creating an image of a particular cat in our minds. One cannot imagine a cat that is neither big or little, of no specific breed, or colorless. Berkeley addresses this idea in his book A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, saying, â€Å"Whether others have this wonderful faculty of ABSTRACTING THEIR IDEAS, they best can tell: for myself, I find indeed I have a faculty of imagining, or representing to myself, the ideas of those particular things I have perceived. † (Berkeley, 10). In other words, Berkeley is saying that unlike others who claim to be able to come up with abstract ideas, he is only capable of imagining these â€Å"abstract ideas† with previous particulars that he already experienced at some point. The author of our textbook, William Lawhead summarized Berkeleys critique quite nicely, saying â€Å"We can think of, speak about, and imagine only particular things. † (pg 322). Furthermore, George Berkeleys critique of abstract ideas reflects his empiricist views because they show how important experience is to his concept of ideas. To Berkeley, one cannot come up with abstract ideas because we always draw on previous experiences to give us an idea of what were thinking about. This is a more strict version of Empiricism compared to Lockes. David Humes concept of perceptions are simply the contents of our consciousness, similar to what Locke would call an idea (Lawhead, 336). Hume further breaks down perceptions into two categories: impressions and ideas. To Hume, all original experiences are considered impressions. These impressions remain as â€Å"copies† in our mind and we draw upon them when we have a similar experience later on in life. These â€Å"copies† of the original impression are what Hume calls an idea. In his work, Treatise of Human Nature, Hume says â€Å"When we search for the characteristic, which  distinguishes the memory from the imagination, we must immediately perceive, that it cannot lie in the simple ideas it presents to us; since both these faculties borrow their simple ideas from the impressions, and can never go beyond these original perceptions. † (Hume, Section 5). In other words, Hume is saying that when one is trying to think about a characteristic of an object we always revert back to the original impression that we previously had in our mind from a past experience. Further, Hume is saying that even simple ideas about an object are faint memories of our previous experiences. David Hume can be considered the most consistent Empiricist especially when considering his idea on a persons perception of self (or lack thereof in this case). Lawhead described this simply by saying â€Å"Hume maintains that when we introspect we only find some particular perception of one sort another. If you focus on your experience right now you find puzzlement, tiredness, heat, anger.. What you dont find is a self. † (pg 340). This is an extremely empirical way of looking at ones self. Hume is such a consistent. Empiricist that he goes so far to say that we cannot have an idea of our self, because our minds always revert back to previous experiences of other perceptions. In addition to this, Hume suggests that we cannot even be certain about things such as the sun rising tomorrow. To Hume, the only reason that we know the sun will rise tomorrow is because of all of the past experiences and perceptions that weve had of the sun rising each morning. Therefore, we can only be certain of things that we have experienced. These two beliefs by Hume are evidence that he was the most strict Empiricist of the  group mentioned above. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume can all be considered Empiricists due to the prevalence of experience in their philosophical principles.Lockes experience oriented principles can be observed in his idea of primary and secondary qualities of an object. Berkeleys can be seen in his critique of Lockes abstract ideas, which Berkeley suggests do not exist. Lastly, David Hume, who can be considered the most strict Empiricist, demonstrates his empirical views in his concepts of impressions and idea and his lack of self perception.

Extra Curriculum Activities Essay Example for Free

Extra Curriculum Activities Essay An ideal school need more subject options such as drama, art and music—to excel at all levels. The school works provided to students by teachers have their own academic importance, Nevertheless that alone does not fulfil the schooling and learning requirements and standards. In some schools, the educational systems are only based upon fixed set of courses that excludes extra curriculum activities, causing insufficient or restrictiveness for the student’s comprehension skills and imaginations. Although it is believed that today’s schools have the best education system including extra curriculum activities, it is yet underestimated in many schools. These activities will bring many benefits to students. Involving students to participate in extra curriculum activities is very important in helping them to develop many skills such as working and social skills. Of course, while there are definitely a large amount of benefits to extra curriculum activities for students, there needs to be a balance between that and school work. Getting involved in a few different activities is a great choice to improve various skills and attitudes, and is definitely beneficial in all aspects, but too many activities can result in students having academic problems and more. Therefore, it is important for students to set some limits in being involved in extra curriculum activities. Also not every student is a mad scientist or a mathematician, so these extra subject choices give students a chance to develop skills in particular areas they are well in. Students learn about long term commitments when they are involved in extracurricular activities as well, which is another excellent benefit. When they join one of the activities or clubs, they commit themselves to that activity for a period of time. Learning to take on commitments is important, and these activities can teach students this important lesson. Many times, being involved in extracurricular activities helps to raise the self esteem of teens. There are many teens that feel worthless or that there is nothing they are good at. Teens struggle with self esteem, and these activities are a way that they can build self esteem. Everyone wants to find something that they are really good at, and extracurricular activities provide them with a way that they can get involved in something and really shine, giving their self esteem a boost. Getting involved in extracurricular activities also allows students to get involved in various interests. It is important for students to be very diverse in their interests. These activities allow them to explore a range of interests that they may have. Students should be allowed to take another step forward and be able to explore the world of art and music and to be able to nurture their talent and explore their own potential in other areas. There are numerous advantages for students to participate in extra curriculum activities. Therefore schools should be encouraged to involve students in these activities that increase the students’ self-worth, ability to think creatively, emotional understanding, social networks and overall increase their academic performances. With so many benefits and advantages, how can schools exclude extra Curriculum Activities?

Water and power consumption: Analysis of sewage treatment plant

Water and power consumption: Analysis of sewage treatment plant 1. INTRODUCTION: Waters unique Characteristics and its essential Role for all life have inspired myths and influenced cultures, religions, art, and literature through all times. The process involved for the RBC Biological Treatment method is named as FIXED FILM ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR BIOWHEELS. In this process by means of rotation of the bio wheels micro organisms are expected to growth in the RBC and the overflow from the Lamella clarifier will be the first stage of the treated water. The micro organisms will develop on the surface of the disk and the colonization of the organisms will take place because of the inlet load into the system. The thick film like formation in the surface of the disk is the indication of the growth. In Sewage water the main constituents of Pollutants being organic in nature these can be digested easily in the RBC. Sewage is created by institutions, residences, and hospitals and commercial and industrial establishments. Raw influent of sewage wastewater includes household waste liquid from the toilets, sinks, showers, kitchens, baths, and so forth that is disposed of sewage waste water. 1.1 Aim: The aim of the project is to Analysis of water consumption and power consumption of sewage treatment plant. 1.2 Objective: * To Analysis the water and power consumption of the sewage treatment plant * To vary the parameters of water source, power source. * To Analyze the Rotating Biological contactor Biowheels.Lamella clarifier * Analyzing 2D design of the Sewage Treatment Plant. * To analyze the results and propose appropriate solution. 2. BACKGROUND RESEARCH: Waste water collected from domestic and industrial communities must be returned to receiving waters or to the land. Although the collecting of storm water and drainage dates from ancient times the collection of waste water can be traced only to the early 1800s. The systematic treatment of wastewater followed in the late 1800s and early 1900s. There are many methods and processes to treat wastewater. The most common approach uses primary treatment (screening and clarification) to remove solids; aerobic, suspended growth, activated sludge secondary treatment to reduce organic pollutants; and chlorine disinfection to reduce pathogens. Secondary treatment is the largest energy consumer (30 to 60% of total plant usage), followed by pumping and sludge processing. Although suspended growth, activated sludge is the most common wastewater treatment process, it is not the most energy efficient. Aerated lagoons, trickling filters and rotating biological contactors are significantly more efficient. They are not as widely used because aerated lagoons require a large land area, and trickling filters and rotating biological contactors are better suited for smaller capacity applications. Many wastewater treatment plants are shifting from chlorine-based disinfection to UV disinfection to eliminate the risk of storage and handling of toxic chemicals. Although UV disinfection is energy intensive, it adds no chemical residue to the effluent. This feature is particularly important for discharge to sensitive aquatic environments or for wastewater reuse. In general, low pressure UV systems are substantially more efficient than medium pressure systems. Energy efficiency opportunities in wastewater treatment include the use of fine bubble diffusers, dissolved oxygen control of aeration, high efficiency blowers, variable frequency drives on pumps and blowers, premium efficiency motors, and the reduction of the head against which pumps and blowers operate. Sewage is generally a mixture of domestic of waste water from bath, sinks and washing machines and toilets, waste water from all industry and rainwater runoff from roads and other surfaced areas. Every day in the UK about 347,000 Kilometers of sewers collect over 11 Billion liters of waste water. This is treated about 9000 sewage treatment works before the treated effluent is discharged to inland waters, estuaries and the sea. Without suitable treatment, the waste water we produce every day would damage the water environmental and creates to affect the public health problems. Untreated sewage contains organic matter carbohydrates, fats and proteins, bacteria and chemicals. Bacteria naturally present in environmental waters do break these substances down, but in doing so they use the oxygen dissolved in this water. If there were large or continuous untreated discharges of urban waste water the result could be too little oxygen for fish and other aquatic life to survive. So the purpose of waste water treatment is to remove organic substances to protect the environment from these effects. Sewage works therefore reproduce what would be occurring in the environmental. Settling out much of the solid matter is called Primary Treatment, and using Bacteria that digest and break down the organic substances is called Secondary Treatment. Sometimes further treatment Tertiary is required to protect sensitive water environments; Tertiary treatment can involve disinfecting the treated effluent to protect the bathing and shellfish waters. It can also involve the removal of phosphorous or nitrates nutrients present in sewage. To protect the waters that is threatened by eutrophication. (ref sewage treatment in the UK defray department for environment food Rural affairs,PB 6655 March 2002.). 3. LITERATURE REVIEW: Municipal water use is generally divided into four categories, 1. Domestic water normally used for sanitary and general purposes 2. Industrial water used for nondomestic purposes, 3. The Public service water normally used for fir fighting, and system maintenance and also municipal landscape irrigation. 4. Unaccounted for system losses and leakage The following data are typical municipal water use in the United States Report. ( (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) Table 1 Municipalities water use 3.1 Domestic water use:. Domestic water use encompasses the water supplied to residential areas ,and commercial districts, institutional facilities, and recreational facilities as a measured by individual water meters .The uses to which this water is put include drinking, washing, bathing, culinary, and waste removal, and yard watering these kind of water collected from household sewage. Using the average flow values reported in above table of the water used in a municipal water supply system is for domestic purposes. 3.2 Residential areas: The water normally used by residential households consists of water for interior use such as showers and toilets and water for exterior use such as lawn watering and car washing, the household wastewater mostly used in sewage treatment plant. Typical data for interior water use are presented in below table. How much amount of water used in residential areas water use for exterior applications varies widely depending upon the geographic location, climate and time of year and mainly consists of landscape irrigation. The Residential areas 100% of water normally used by typical distribution of residential interior water use the following table given details Table 2 Typical distribution interior water use (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.3 Commercial facilities: The water used by commercial facilities for sanitary purposes will vary widely depending on the type of activity means example of offices and compared to a restaurant. Typical water use values for various types of commercial facilities are reported in following table also for large commercial water using facilities such as laundries and car washes, careful estimates of actual water use should be made. Table 3 Typical rates of water use for commercial facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.4 Institutional facilities: Water used by facilities such as hospitals, schools and rest home is usually based on some measure of the size of the facility and the type of housing function provided example of per student or per bed, and water normally use for schools will vary significantly depending on whether the students are housed on campus or are day students. The representative water use values for institutional facilities are reported following table. Table 4 Typical water-use values for institutional facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.5 Recreational Facilities: The recreational facilities mostly water used in such as swimming pools, bowling alleys, and camps, resorts, then country clubs perform a wide range of functions involving water use. The following table typical water use values are reported. Table: Typical water-use values for recreational facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 4. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT: 4.1PRINCIPLE: Sewage treatment plant there are two main types of biological reaction, depending upon the presence or absence of free oxygen, the aerobic reaction takes place only in the presence of free oxygen and produces stable, relatively inert end products. Anaerobic reaction are more complex, being two stage, proceeding relatively slowly and leading to end products which are unstable and which still contain considerable amounts of energy. In any biological reaction the energy in the organic matter, used as food by the microorganisms, is split three ways; some is used in creating new microorganisms, some is incorporated in the end products of the reaction, the proportions of energy in the three areas depend upon the nature of the reaction, the type of organic matter, the type of microorganisms,and environmental conditions. The organic matter in wastewater thus provides the well as providing the energy for the oxidation reactions which releases the end products of biological treatment. (THY Teb butt,1990). Domestic sewage satisfies all these requirements but some industrial wastewaters may be lacking in nutrients or other factors, which could result in inhibition of biological activity, Toxic substances present in the wastewater can also mean that biological treatment of an organic wastewater is ineffective, although it is sometimes possible for microorganisms to become acclimated to substances which initially appear to be toxic. The aim of conventional biological treatment processes is to achieve almost complete removal of the organic matter in the feed. The activated sludge system is a common form of dispersed growth reactor, and both systems require a settling facility to remove the excess biological solids produced in the process. In the case of fixed film systems the solids are essentially dead cells, but with the dispersed growth activated sludge systems the bulk of the cells are living and are returned to the reactor for re use, only the excess solids being removed. (THY Tebbut t,1990). Characterstics of waste water sewage treatment plant:  · Bio chemical oxygen demand  · Total dissolved solids  · Chemical oxygen demand  · Total suspended solids  · PH  · Bio chemical oxygen demand: It is a measure of the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions.  · Total dissolved solids: It comprises inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. The principle constituents are usually the captions , calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium and the anions carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate and particularly in groundwater nitrate.  · Chemical oxygen demand: It is a measure of the total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into carbon dioxide and water. * Total suspended solids: It is a measure of the suspended solids in waste water, effluent, or water bodies determined by tests for Total suspended non-filterable solids.  · PH: It is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions increasing with increasing alkalinity and decreasing with increasing acidity. The PH scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 14. ( www.answers.com ) Classification of Waste Water Treatment Methods The wastewater treatment is contaminants are removed by physical, chemical and also biological methods. Sewage Treatment Plant individual methods usually are classified as a physical unit operations, chemical unit operations and also Biological unit operations and processes. Although these operations and processes occur in a variety of combinations in Treatment Systems. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 4.2 Physical operations unit: The Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces to predominate are known as physical operation unit. Because most of these methods involved directly from the first observations of a nature, and they were the first to be used for wastewater .treatment. These are the Screening, Mixing, Flocculation, Flotation,sedimentation,Filtration,and Gas transfer are typical unit operations. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972). Screening: The first off all unit operation entered in wastewater treatment plants is screening .a screen is a device with openings ,generally of uniform a size, that is using to retain the coarse solids found in wastewater. Description: The screening elements may consists of parallel bars, wires or ,grating, rods, mesh, or perforated plate ,a screen composed of parallel bars or rods is called a bar rack sometimes called a bar screen). The term screen is used for screening devices consisting of perforated plates wedges wire elements and wire cloth. The materials removed by these devices are known as screenings. Bar Racks: In Wastewater treatment, bar racks are used to protect the Pumps pipelines valves and other appurtenances from the damaged or clogging by a rags and large objects. Screens: Sewage treatment plant is widely used to Barscreening,early screens were of the inclined disk or drum type, whose screening media consisted of bronze or copper plates with milled slots ,and were installed in place of sedimentation tanks for primary treatment .since the early 1970s,there has been resurgence of interest in the field of wastewater treatment in the use of screens of all types ,the application range from primary treatment to the removal of the residual suspended solids from biological treatment processes. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) Mixing: Mixing is an important unit operation in many phases of wastewater treatment including (1)the mixing of one substances completely with another, (2)the mixing of liquid suspensions,(3)the blending of miscible liquids,(4)flocculation and (5)heat transfer .chemicals are also mixed with sludge to improve tidal watering characteristics. In anaerobic digestion, mixing is used accelerate the biological conversion process and to heat the contents of the digester uniformly . Description Apparatus: Most mixing operations in wastewater can be classified as continuous rapid or continuous. Continuous -rapid mixing is used most often where one substance is to be mixed with another. Continuous mixing is used where the contents of reactor or holding tank or basin must be kept in suspension. Energy dissipation mixing: The power input per unit volume of liquid can be used as a rough measure of mixing effectiveness, based on the reasoning that more input power creates greater turbulance,and greater turbulence leads to better mixing. Sedimentation:: It is one of the most widely used in waste water treatment, sedimentation is the separation from the water, by gravitational settling, of suspended solids that are heavier than water, it is one of the most widely used unit operations in wastewater treatment .A Sedimentation basin may also be referred to as a sedimentation tank, settling basin ,or settling tank, Sedimentation is used for grit removal, particularly floating matter removal in the primary settling basin, biological float removal in the activated sludge and settling basin and chemical flog removal. Whenever the chemical coagulation processes is used. 4.3 Chemical unit processes: Sewage treatment plant is widely used to chemical unit processes ,This Treatment Methods in which the removal or conversion of the contaminants is brought about by the chemicals or by other chemical reactions are known as a chemical processes unit. There are three different types chemical processes used in the wastewater treatment.Precipitation,and disinfection and adsorption, which the process mostly used in the wastewater treatment. In the chemical precipitation ,treatment is also accomplished by producing a chemical precipitate that will settle. In most cases the settled precipitate will contain the both constituents that may have reacted with the adding to chemicals and the substance that were swept of wastewater as the predicated settled in the water. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 4.4 Chemical coagulation: The settlement of fine colloidal and suspended solids can be assisted by the use of flocculation as but with dilute suspensions, such as lowland river waters, the opportunities for collisions and agglomeration are limited. In such circumstances flocculation does not significantly improve the settling characteristics of the suspension. the addition of a chemical coagulant, which precipitates flocculent solids in the water, followed by flocculation and sedimentation, can provide a high degree of clarification. the processes of chemical coagulation is thus carried out in a sequence of operations, the first of which involves rapid to permit enmeshment of the colloidal solids in the rapidly precipitating flock. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Following the initial stage precipitation stage, the suspension is passed to flocculation and sedimentation units, which may be separate or combined. the most popular coagulant for potable water treatment is aluminum sulphate, often referred to as alum. When it is added to water in small doses of around 20-50mg/l,a reaction takes place with the natural alkalinity present, and insoluble aluminum hydroxide is formed. this responds well to controlled flocculation. The chemical reactions which occur are complex but may be simplified as Al2(SO4)3 +3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSo4 +6CO2 When using the commercial alum which has 16-18 molecules of water of crystallization, and expressing alkalinity in terms of calcium carbonate, each mg/l of alum reacts with 0.5mg/l of alkalinity. By using a range of coagulant does and PH values ,it is possible to determine the optimum conditions to achieve the required water quality. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Chemical precipitation: In essence ,chemical precipitation depends upon the use of an added reagent which combines with the impurity to be removed to give an insoluble product which can then be removed by sedimentation, preceded by flocculation if necessary. A(impurity) + B(reagent) = C (precipitate) + D(by product) It is clearly essential that any byproduct of the reaction does not itself have undesirable properties in relation to the eventual use of the water or wastewater. It is also important to remember that chemical precipitation processes produce sludges containing the impurities and that the cost of handling and disposing of these sludges in a safe manner can be significant. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Disinfection: Disinfection refers to the selective destroy of disease causing organism .all the organisms are not destroyed of during the process; this differentiates disinfection from sterilization, which is the destruction of all organisms. In the field of waste water treatment, there are three categories of human enteric organisms of the greatest consequence in producing disease are viruses, bacteria, and amoebic cysts. Disinfection is widely used to wastewater sewage treatment plant; there are well -established links between the contamination of drinking water with facial matter and the incidence of such water related diseases as cholera, typhoid and many gastrointestinal infections. Thus the removal of the pathogenic microorganisms from water supplies is a very valuable measure for the improvement of public health. Disinfection means the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms and does not necessarily mean that the water is sterile, since a small number of harmless microorganisms are usually present in tap water and poses no hazard. For most disinfection the rate of kill is given by dN/dt = -KN where k = rate constant N = number of living microorganisms The rate constant varies with the particular disinfectant, its concentration, the organism being killed,PH,Temperature,and other environmental factors. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) 5. Biological unit processes: Sewage Treatment plant is widely used to Biological unit processes ,this is processes is remove the microorganism of the water, In this Treatment methods in which the removal of contaminants is bring about by biological activity are known as a biological unit processes. Biological treatment is used primary to remove the biodegradable organic substances matter (means colloidal or dissolved )in wastewater.Basically,these substances matter are converted into the gases that can be escaped to the atmosphere and into the biological cell tissue unit that can be removed by settling. At the same time this treatment is also used to remove the nutrients (means nitrogen and phosphorous) in wastewater. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 5.1 Components of wastewater Flows The components of the wastewater flows that make up the wastewater flow from a community depend on the type of collection system used and may include the following: There are four types of wastewater flows available in the wastewater treatment. 1. Domestic (is also called sanitary) wastewater. This is kind of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial,instutional , and house hold sewage toilet waste water, bath, sinks ,and canteen wastewater and similar facilities. 2. Industrial wastewater .this kind of wastewater in which industrial wastes predominate. 3. Infiltration/inflow .water that enters the sewer system through the indirect and direct means. The Infiltration is extraneous water enters that the sewer system through the leaking joints. 4. Storm water. Runoff resulting from rainfall and snowmelt. This kind of components of wastewater flows essentially used in the sewage treatment plant. 5.2 Waste water treatment: There are four different types of wastewater processing in available in sewage treatment plant. Primary treatment referred to physical unit operations. Secondary treatment referred to chemical and Biological unit process, and also Advanced or tertiary referred to combinations of all four other processing.  · Preliminary wastewater treatment: Preliminary wastewater treatment is defined as the removal of wastewater constituents that may causes to maintenance of the operational problems with the treatment of the operations. Examples of preliminary operations are screening and commutation for the removal of debris (J.Staudenmann, A. Schonborn, C. Etnier, 1996).primary wastewater treatment: In primary wastewater treatment, a portion of the suspended solids and organic material is removing from the waste water. This removal is usually accomplished with physical operations such as screening and sedimentation. The effluent from primary treatment will ordinarily contain considerable organic matter and will have relatively high BOD.treatment plants using only primary treatment will be phased out in the future as implementation of the EPA secondary treatment requirements is completed. Rare instances (for those communities having a secondary treatment waiver)will primary treatment be used as the sole method of treatment .the principal function of primary treatment will continue to be as a precursor to secondary treatment . * Conventional secondary wastewater treatment: The secondary treatment is directed principally toward the removal of bio degradable organics and suspended. Disinfection is included frequently in the definition of conventional secondary treatment is defined as the combination of processes customarily used for the removal of these constituents and includes biological treatment by activated sludge fixed film reactors, or lagoon systems and sedimentation.  · Advanced wastewater treatment/wastewater reclamation: Advanced wastewater treatment is defined as the level of treatment required beyond conventional secondary treatment to removing constituents of concern including toxic, nutrients, compounds, and larger amounts of organic material and suspended solids .In addition to the nutrient removal processes, unit operations or processes frequently employed in advanced wastewater treatment are chemical coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation followed by filtration and multi grade filter and also activated carbon filter. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972). 6. STP BASED ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS: 6.2 Principle: A Rotating biological contactor (RBC) is constructed of bundles of plastic packing attached radically to a shaft, forming a cylinder of media .the shaft is placed contour bottomed tank so that the media are submerged approximately 40 percent. the contactor surfaces are spaced so that during submergence in wastewater can enter the voids in the packing .when rotated out of the tank ,the liquid trickles out of the voids in the packing. when rotated out of the tank the liquid trickles out of the voids between surfaces and is replaced by air. A fixed film biological growth, similar to that on a trickling filter packing, adheres to the media surfaces. Alternating exposure to organics in the wastewater and oxygen in the air during rotation distributor. Excess the biomass sloughs from the media and is carried out in the processes effluent for gravity separation. A treatment system consists of primary sedimentation preceding and final sedimentation following the rotating biological contactors. Since the recirculation through RBC units is not normally practiced, only sufficient underflow from the final clarifier is returned to allow removal of excess of the biological solids in primary sedimentation and waste sludge similar to the character to the from trickling filter plant ,in withdrawn from the primary clarifiers disposal of waste. In large type of plants, a common shaft is placed over a contoured tank with the wastewater flow parallel to the shaft. A series of four stages are normally installed in the treatment of domestic wastewater for BOD reduction. additional stages may be added to initiate nitrification .Each stage acts as a completely mixed chamber and the movement of the wastewater through the series of tanks simulates plug flow. Biological solids washed off of the media are transported hydraulically under the baffles to be carried out with the effluent.RBC units are protected by installation either in a building with adequate ventilation or under separate plastic covers lined with insulation. The efficiency of BOD removal of in the processing domestic wastewater is based on empirical data from operating RBC plants. the Mathematical equations also have been developed ,but their prediction of the performance is not consistently reliable. the typically recommendations for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater to produce an effluent of less than 30 mg/l of BOD and also 30mg/l of suspended solids. (Mark J.Hammer Mark J.Hammer,Jr, 1996) TECHNICAL DETAILS OF RBC: DESCRIPTION MOC / MAK 1. Polymer sheet die 2m x 2 thk special polymer from Germany 2. RBC Trough poly propylene /FRP 3. RBC Support MS Resin Coated 4. Geared Motor (0.75HP) FLENDER 5. Input Coupling Love Joy 6. Drive Support Mild Steel 7. Bush Nylon 8. Shaft SS304 TANK SCHEDULE OF RBC : The following tanks used in sewage treatment plant based Rotating Biological contactor Processes. 1. Bar screen 2. Collection Tank 3. PIT 1,2,3 4. Flow divider 5. Sludge drying bed 6. Semi Treated water tank 7. Multi grade sand filter 8. Activated carbon filter 9. Treated water tank EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE The following equipments used in sewage treatment plant based Rotating Biological contactor processes. DESCRIPTION MODEL/HP QTY RBC 0.75 hp 1 Submersible Pump 1 Hp 2 Submersible Pump (Lamella) 1 Hp 1 Filter feed submersible pump 3 Hp 2 7. ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR PROCESS(60 KILO LITRE PER DAY): 2D 8. WATER CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT: Raw sewage characteristics: Domestic waste water: The volume of a wastewater from a community varies from 50 to 250 gal capital per day depending on the sewer system uses. A common values for domestic wastewater flow is 120 gpcd means 450 liter person per day use, which assumes that the residential waste water have modern water using appliances, such as automatic washing machines. the organic substances matter contributed per person per day in domestic wastewater is approximately 0.24 lb to 110gram of suspended solids and 0.20lb and 90 gram of BOD in communities where a substantial portion of the household kitchen wastes is designed is discharged to the sewer system through garbage grinders. In selection of data for design, the quantity of and organic strength of wastewater should be based on actual measurements taken through the year to account for variations resulting from seasonal climatic changes and other factors. the average values during the peak month may be used for design ,excluding un usual infiltration and inflow, the av erage daily sanitary wastewater flow during the maximum month of the year is commonly 20 to 30 percent greater than the average annual daily flow, excluding seasonal industrial wastes, the average daily BOD load from sanitary wastewater during the maximum month is greater than the annual ave

Luxury fror less :: essays research papers

Luxury for Less   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many American’s today, the stress of finding a good deal on a car seems far from relieving. But nowadays believe it or not, finding a car that gives you a â€Å" bang for your buck† could quite possibly be at your nearest Nissan dealership. With outrageous gas prices and unpredictable weather, the sleek looking 2005 Nissan Sentra SE offers the affordability, performance, and modern appearance that most high-end vehicles offer as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With current gas prices across the country rising daily, the 2005 Nissan Sentra SE offers affordability with maintaining 37 mpg for highway mileage, along with 29 mpg for city mileage. Not only is this vehicle gas efficient but it is also finically efficient. The 2005 Nissan Sentra SE is currently retailing under $18,000, including full packages with powered features and great warranties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since 99% of the time spent in our vehicles is while driving, owning a vehicle with good performance is important. Not only does it affect the driving experience, but can also lead to stress and hassle if the vehicle isn‘t reliable. Included with the purchase of the 2005 Nissan Sentra SE, is a 100,000 mile power train warranty, insuring that mostly all of the components of the vehicle are covered. Allowing you to drive comfortably knowing your safe. With safety in mind, the 2005 Nissan Sentra SE is also equipped with both driver and passenger side airbags, and along with an ABS breaking system, which enables the vehicle’s break system to function more stable and quickly in case of an emergency. But the most important test for any vehicle’s performance, is how it handles in substantial weather conditions.

Philosophy in the South Asian Subcontinent: A Unity in Maladjustment :: Philosophical Globalization Essays

Philosophy in the South Asian Subcontinent: A Unity in Maladjustment ABSTRACT: Philosophy in the south Asian subcontinent differs from Western philosophy in the following three ways: (1) it is based upon religion; (2) love of tradition becomes an obstacle for philosophical development; and (3) authority is accepted as a source of knowledge. I argue that future philosophical development demands that the above three differences be removed. Furthermore, philosophers from the subcontinent must concentrate on contemporary issues. If I ask myself about the extent of the philosophical heritage, which I may claim to have inherited from the past, I shall find myself in a difficulty in finding a precise answer. If I look back for my heritage, beyond fifty years towards the past, I shall find that the past heritage to which I belong, incidentally coincides with that of the South Asian subcontinent. In the context of philosophy, that heritage is what we find mainly in the traditions of the Vedic philosophical schools (specially the Vedanta school), Buddhism and Jainism. These philosophical traditions are also considered as oriental philosophies. An orientalistic outlook in the context of these philosophical traditions may find it difficult to draw a line of demarcation between the past and the present status of these traditions. It is my intention to draw attention to the fact that, in the context of philosophy, our past heritage is in a sense an obstacle to our future progress; and to this extent, our heritage and our future are in a unity in maladjustment. I shall draw attention to some historical situations, and some claims of heritage based on these situations. It is claimed that, it is possible 'to trace the rise of philosophy to a period earlier than the Greeks...'. (1) This claim may lead to wonder whether Thales is the father of philosophy. In this context it is further claimed that: 'The first Greek thinker whom we can appropriately describe as a philosopher was Thales', and that 'When, however, we look at India of the sixth century B.C., we see a completely different picture. ... It was not a case of the dawn of philosophy as in Greece but what may be described as the full glow of philosophical day'. (2) What implications are meant to follow from such claims? Can we say that W. T. Stace is wrong in claiming that Thales is the father of philosophy? (3) Should one rather say that Thales is in fact the father of western philosophy only? Philosophy in the South Asian Subcontinent: A Unity in Maladjustment :: Philosophical Globalization Essays Philosophy in the South Asian Subcontinent: A Unity in Maladjustment ABSTRACT: Philosophy in the south Asian subcontinent differs from Western philosophy in the following three ways: (1) it is based upon religion; (2) love of tradition becomes an obstacle for philosophical development; and (3) authority is accepted as a source of knowledge. I argue that future philosophical development demands that the above three differences be removed. Furthermore, philosophers from the subcontinent must concentrate on contemporary issues. If I ask myself about the extent of the philosophical heritage, which I may claim to have inherited from the past, I shall find myself in a difficulty in finding a precise answer. If I look back for my heritage, beyond fifty years towards the past, I shall find that the past heritage to which I belong, incidentally coincides with that of the South Asian subcontinent. In the context of philosophy, that heritage is what we find mainly in the traditions of the Vedic philosophical schools (specially the Vedanta school), Buddhism and Jainism. These philosophical traditions are also considered as oriental philosophies. An orientalistic outlook in the context of these philosophical traditions may find it difficult to draw a line of demarcation between the past and the present status of these traditions. It is my intention to draw attention to the fact that, in the context of philosophy, our past heritage is in a sense an obstacle to our future progress; and to this extent, our heritage and our future are in a unity in maladjustment. I shall draw attention to some historical situations, and some claims of heritage based on these situations. It is claimed that, it is possible 'to trace the rise of philosophy to a period earlier than the Greeks...'. (1) This claim may lead to wonder whether Thales is the father of philosophy. In this context it is further claimed that: 'The first Greek thinker whom we can appropriately describe as a philosopher was Thales', and that 'When, however, we look at India of the sixth century B.C., we see a completely different picture. ... It was not a case of the dawn of philosophy as in Greece but what may be described as the full glow of philosophical day'. (2) What implications are meant to follow from such claims? Can we say that W. T. Stace is wrong in claiming that Thales is the father of philosophy? (3) Should one rather say that Thales is in fact the father of western philosophy only?

A Rose for Emily: An Example of Regionalism Essay

1. Emily Grierson: She is the old lady that lives at the house, she is a town legend and is respected because she is a lady. 2. Colonel Sartoris: He was the former mayor of the town who absolved Miss Emily of any taxes after the death of her father. 3. Tobe: He is Miss Emily’s servant and the only connection to the outside world. 4. Judge Stevens: he was very respectful to Miss Emily and to save her pride had several men sprinkle lime on her property. 5. Homer Barron: The man who fell in love with Miss Emily while on a construction job. The introduction to the lesson says that Faulkner’s â€Å"great theme was the American South.† â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a good example of regionalism. Identify two examples of local color from the story. Emily Grierson was not willing to join in with those who moved into the new era. She refused to pay her taxes. Another example is the fact that the narrator did not believe that Emily could truly love Homer Barron because he was a Yankee.   In the first paragraph Miss Emily is compared to a â€Å"fallen monument.† What does his metaphor tell the reader about her social status before she died? She was legendary in the town, everyone knew her or of her. She was part of the town itself. ï‚ · Part two begins with a shift in time. At this point in the story, Miss Emily’s father has been dead for two years and the townspeople begin to complain about a suspicious smell. After you have finished reading the story, hypothesize about the cause of the sm ell. I think the cause of the smell was her father’s body rotting.   Who begins to date Miss Emily in Part III, and why was he in town? Homer Barron was who she started dating. He was in town to start building the sidewalks in town.   What is the climax of the story? Explain your answer. The climax of the story is when Miss Emilie dies because that’s when everyone could officially start talking about her. In parts III & IV, Miss Emily makes a few suspicious purchases in town. What does she buy and what is the purpose of each item? She buys Arsenic supposedly for the rats.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Rose for Emily† is not told in chronological order. List each section in chronological order and explain your choices. Part 2 is first because it was 30 years ago. Part 3 is continuing directly after this. Part 4 speaks of her funeral. Part five speaks of after her funeral.   In section II Emily’s cousins came expecting a wedding. When they don’t find Homer, they assume he went to prepare for the wedding. After Emily’s cousins left, â€Å"within three days Homer Barron was back in town.† What happened to Homer next? He returned to the house one evening around dusk and then was never seen again. When the story returns to present day and the townspeople enter Miss Emily’s upstairs room, what do they find after breaking down the door? They found the rotting body of Homer Barron. ï‚ · What do you suppose happened to Homer Barron? What context clues help you piece together his fate? I think Miss Emilie hit him over the head because of the dent in the head and a piece of her hair was by him so that shows that it was her.

Music in renaissance society Essay

The Renaissance was all about rediscovery. The term itself â€Å"renaissance† actually means rebirth. The period represented a time that was rich in personal expression and innovation. As society transcended with the times, so did many aspects of daily life, including music and arts. In fact many of the popular hymns of today came from the Renaissance period. One such masterpiece is â€Å"Ave Maria†, composed by Josquin Desprez (Fuller). â€Å"Ave Maria† reflected many social traits of the time it was composed. It also reflected the type of music that was developed during the Renaissance. It is no wonder why Josquin Desprez is recognized as the most successful composer of his time. Through the music he created, he was able to showcase the real essence of his time. During the Renaissance period a number of different types of music emerged. Aside from the popular Mass music played in churches, the period introduced Motets, and also saw the beginnings of secular music. Since the Renaissance was all about personal expression, it was natural that many different forms of music were created. At the same time because it was about this time that printing was first invented, the spread of music became much easier. Copies of different compositions were easily produced allowing for more people to hear them in different parts and stages. One of the most popular music innovations of the Renaissance period is the Motet. It is a type of music that uses pervasive imitation that simply means the blending of different vocal ranges into one harmonious combination. The Motet highlights vocals more than instruments, a distinct trait of Renaissance music. The Renaissance was essentially a time when composers began putting focus on the emotions that were derived from the lyrics of the songs. Vocals were emphasized more than the instruments. People began relating more to music because of the meaning and message different compositions relayed. The Motet can also be considered a musical revolution at that time because most of the Motets presented new complexities unknown to music prior to the Renaissance. They also attract a personal connection between the composer, the performers, and the listener. â€Å"Ave Maria† by Josquin Desprez is one of the most popular Motets that were composed during the Renaissance period. This Desprez masterpiece remains one of the most played hymns in churches today. This Motet is comprised of four distinct voices, a very rare choral work even today. In fact â€Å"Ave Maria† is considered one of the most outstanding Motets of all time because of this characteristic. Interesting enough this musical trait essentially depicts the culture of that time. It showed how people were starting to truly celebrate their individuality without completely losing their connection with the rest of society. While the Renaissance period ushered in many new ideas, people during that time remained traditional when it came to things concerning religion. â€Å"Ave Maria† is essentially a prayer set to music. In fact many of the popular music that rose during this period were church music. This spoke of how people gave high regard to religious practices and the church. Josquin Desprez wrote the quintessential Renaissance music in â€Å"Ave Maria†. From its deliberate and serene sound to its harmonious weaving of voices, and a theme that celebrated the times, it is one of the most important pieces of music of the period. It reflected the culture change that was going on with its groundbreaking style of music. It was also very loyal to the things people held in high regard during those times. And while it was a product of musical mastery, â€Å"Ave Maria† became one of the most influential music of the Renaissance period because of its enduring message and meaning that connected well with the people. Work Cited Fuller, Richard. Renaissance Music (1450-1600). 2010 January 14. Retrieved June 7, 2010 from http://www. rpfuller. com/gcse/music/renaissance. html

Max Weber’s Bureaucracy Essay

Good afternoon ladies and gentleman. This afternoon I would like to talk a little about Max Weber’s Bureaucracy. But first, let me tell you an article I read in the newspaper issued a couple of months ago. On January 21, 2013, Orlan Calayag was sworn in as the new National Food Authority administrator after Angelito Banayo resigned from his seat because of being accused of corruption and rice smuggling. Anyway, let’s get back to the point. Calayag is a dual citizen caregiver who used to reside in America. When PNoy appointed Calayag as the new administrator of the department, the most common reaction was: â€Å"Who? † According to Food authority’s Charter, or Presidential Decree 6, all administrators and deputy administrators of the agency shall be â€Å"natural-born citizens of the Philippines, not less than 35 years of age, with proven honesty and integrity and of recognized managerial competence. † And even though Republic Act 9225 exists, a person who assumes any government position should renounce his foreign citizenship first. This brought a lot of questions and objections. Calayag never became a government official until this January, never renounced his dual citizenship or does his previous work experience indicate â€Å"recognized managerial competence. † This scenario leads us to the so called KKK which brings us to Max Weber’s idea of Bureaucracy. I would like to emphasize three characteristics of bureaucracy. First, Division of labor and work specialization is used to align employees with their tasks. With this said, Calayag and President Aquino defies the ‘work specialization’ point because Calayag doesn’t specialize anything that may be related to the tasks and works of an NFA administrator. Next would be Weber’s, Managers should maintain an impersonal relationship with employees to promote fair and equal treatment of all employees so that unbiased decisions can be made. How could this actually exist or happen between PNoy and Calayag when in the first place, PNoy appointed Calayag because he is his friend? And finally, competence, not personality, is the basis for job appointment. Calayag finished a degree in Business Administration major in Business Marketing and his CV states that indeed he was a â€Å"Patient Services Specialist† or a caregiver. There is also the fact that Calayag can’t seem to find a permanent job – hopping from one job to another ending up connected to 6 different companies in a span of 8 years. So in the end, my dear listeners, this becomes another case of ‘kabarkada’ appointment made by the President.

Eschatological Schools: Premillennialism, Amillennialism, and Postmillennialism Essay

Three major schools exist in the field of eschatology, the study of the end times: premillenialism, amillenialism, and postmillennialism. According to Smith (2005) all of these schools have the belief that the Rapture is part of the Second Coming of Christ. They all believe that the Christian church is the â€Å"spiritual Israel† (p. 25) and that a new Heaven and a new Earth will be formed in which â€Å"God is intimately present with his people† (p. 27). Important differences exist, however, in terms of how the eschatological schools deal with the Antichrist, the Tribulation, and Armageddon. In addition, these schools of thought differ on the Second Coming, the Resurrection, the Judgment and, of course, on how the Millennium is determined. Premilleniumism: In premillennialism, the Antichrist is an actual person who contains satanic powers. The Tribulation occurs, through which the nation of Israel will be converted. During Armageddon, the church is present; however, this period is a time of rebellion. Following Armageddon, the Second Coming of Christ occurs, during which the Millennium is established. In addition, all dead believers will be resurrected at this time. The Second Coming also begins the period during which the actions of the dead believers will be judged. This period of judgment ends following the Millennium, when all of the dead will be raised and judged. During the Millennium, Christ establishes His kingdom on Earth (Smith, 2005, pp. 25-27). Amillennialism: According to the school of amillennialism, the Antichrist is only representative of satanic powers; however, a real person may appear that contains them. The Tribulation, which is a â€Å"final outbreak of evil, occurs (Smith, 2005, p. 25). During final rebellion of Armageddon, the church is present. Following Armageddon, the Second Coming of Christ occurs, during which the new Heaven and the new Earth is established. Unlike premillennialism, only one resurrection and one judgment occurs for all of the dead at the Second Coming. In the amillennial school of thought, the current age is the Millennium, which ends at the time of the Second Coming (Smith, 2005, pp. 25-27). Postmillennialism: The school of postmillennialism believes that most of the predictors for the presence of the Antichrist, a representation of satanic power that exists during the church age. The Tribulation is the present age, during which the occurrence of evil eventually decreases. Armageddon is not a rebellion; rather, Christ is leading the church to vanquish His enemies. As in amillennialism, the Second Coming of Christ occurs follows Armageddon, during which the new Heaven and the new Earth is established. Again, only one resurrection and one judgment occurs for all of the dead at the Second Coming, but it follows the Millennium. The Millennium is established when Christ leads the people to preach â€Å"the Good News† (Smith, 2005, pp. 25-27).

Cell Phone

My favorite color is white. It’s a symbol for peaceful. white color is nothing but a without color. It seems cool. We can reduce the any of the bright colors to light colors by adding them white color. not only me most of the people in the world likes white color only. becz we can see the white color every where in the world, every where in our surroundings unlike other colors. My favourite colour is Red. Because Red is the color that we pay the most attention to. It is the warmest and most energic color in the spectrum. We associate red with love, valentines, danger, desire, speed, strength, violence, anger, emergency exit signs, stop signs and blood. Red can evoke a fight-or-flight response, raise blood pressure and make the heart beat faster. Red would not be the color of choice for psychiatric wards, prisons or a hospital. In China red symbolizes celebration and luck, used in many cultural ceremonies that range from funerals to weddings. In India red is the color of purity (used in wedding outfits). My favourite color is Green. I like everything around me to be green colour. Green is one of most-often cited favorite colors. It represents nature, environment, health, good luck, renewal, youth, vigor, spring, generosity, fertility, jealousy, inexperience, envy, misfortune. Its cool quality soothes, calms, and has great healing powers. It is often worn in operating rooms by surgeons. Green colour is the favour of Islam. green colour can give coolness to the eyes. For the above said reasons i like green colour very much. Today, i’m going to tell u guys about my favorite color- white, and I think a lot of people like this color, too. Why? because white represents peaceful, cold, silent, innocent and also romantic, etc,   that adjectives are also my personality( except for the romantic), it also make me feel something that I cannot describe by word, something that really peaceful, and silent. But many people think this color is kind of boring, and empty. I don’t know why they think like that, maybe because they like colorful, so they don’t want to look at one color and enjoy it. But we can see that a lot of thing has white like paper, roses, wall,etc. I think each of the color represent differently like black represent for bold, or even sexy, etc. In general, I really really love this color. And now, let’s me show u guys some picture of my favorite color Green is the color of nature. It symbolizes growth, harmony, freshness, and fertility. Green has strong emotional correspondence with safety. Dark green is also commonly associated with money. Green has great healing power. It is the most restful color for the human eye; it can improve vision. Green suggests stability and endurance. Sometimes green denotes lack of experience; for example, a greenhorn is a novice. In heraldry, green indicates growth and hope. Green, as opposed to red, means safety; it is the color of free passage in road traffic. Use green to indicate safety when advertising drugs and medical products. Green is directly related to nature, so you can use it to promote green products. Dull, darker green is commonly associated with money, the financial world, banking, and Wall Street. Dark green is associated with ambition, greed, and jealousy. Yellow-green can indicate sickness, cowardice, discord, and jealousy. Aqua is associated with emotional healing and protection. Olive green is the traditional color of peace. My Favorite color is green! Green, my favorite color! The color of life! Everywhere one looks in the summer they’ll find green. And that brings me to my favorite time of year, ya, you guessed it, summer! Some people love fall. I don’t get it, sure the vivid colors of the dying leaves are pretty, but everything is dying, drying up or falling off. I have watched people after stepping out into the cold, oh, excuse me, †cool† fall air, take a deep breath and say, â€Å" Ahh! Don’t you just love the smell of fall! † I guess if you like the smell of death, mold and rotting leaves, not for me thanks. Then you have your â€Å"winter† lovers. To me, these people are a â€Å"few fries short of a happy meal†! Or maybe the cold has slowed down their brain functions, eith er way, I don’t get it. The one good thing is that all the dead, rotting, and moldy debris, is covered under the snow, making winter smell a lot better than fall. The white stuff that covers every inch outside, can be pleasant to look at, and some mornings when there’s a wind chill of oh, I don’t know, maybe -40o Celsius, the frozen air crystals are quite beautiful. But seriously, if I want to see ice crystals I’d rather look at a picture or stick my head in the freezer, than have to go out and start the car and freeze my butt off. I don’t know I just don’t get it. At least in the summer when it rains you don’t have to shovel it or worry about falling down the stairs covered with ice. Unless of course you are my step father, he falls down in any season, especially when hanging out with his best friend, â€Å"Bacardi†. I wonder if anyone else has noticed how dark it is in the winter. Thank goodness the white stuff is all over the place to help reflect the light or one would forget what light looks like. We wake up in the dark, sneak a peek at daylight and then go to bed in the dark. There have been studies done stating that people need so much sun every day to remain healthy. Not just physical needs are met by the sun but our mental states are affected by the sun as well. How the heck are we supposed to get enough sunshine to create vitamin D when in order to go outside, you have to be covered from head to toe with warm clothes. Sunshine is not getting past our winter get ups. Again, we have another reason to love summer. I could go on and on about winter, if you have lived in Canada for any length of time, you know what I am talking about. You’ll be reminded when you need to get up when it is still dark outside to shovel the driveway so you can get your kids to school, then finding out it’s a snow day. If that happens to you I suggest you go look up my step father, and ask him to ntroduce you to his best friend. If you survive winter, spring does bring us hope of the joy that is to come. Life is starting to return. Spring is good, the sound of dripping water from melting ice can be heard everywhere. The chirping of birds has begun once again. Everything is springing back to life, waiting with hope and expectancy of what is to come. In t he trees we see signs of life everywhere, whether it is chirp of squirrels dancing and serenading their mates or the newly budding trees. The world is pregnant with the expectation of summer, bringing with it the birth of new life. Spring ushers summer back in, with all the different shades of green that can only be seen in summer’s backdrop. No more coats, boots, hats, and mittens, with the exception of baseball mitts. We can walk outside with our faces raised upward feeling the warmth of the sun on our faces, enjoying every beautiful ray of sunshine that rains down on creation supporting all life and filling our hearts with joy. It always comes back to summer. So the way I see it life revolves around summer, and green is the color of summer. So green is the best color in the world.

Company G Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company G Marketing Plan - Essay Example The product is primarily a portable Global Positioning System (GPS) device, which provides the information in "real-life" three dimensional graphics providing enhanced user experience, and is much easier to use than similar conventional devices. The interactive touch screen provides a video game arcade feel, which is closer to real-life than any other similar product. The device can be mounted on the driver dashboard of a car. Unlike conventional GPS devices, this appliance will be able to retrieve map information even when surrounded by tall buildings during city driving. There will be several add-on optional features to make it a convergence device. It can be detached easily from the car, and can be synchronized with the user's home/ office computer. As a safety measure, the device can be used as an internet browser only when it is removed from its dock on the car dashboard. It uses a revolutionary wireless technology to download internet content at a speed three times higher than other conventional devices, and can be used for playing songs in the car as well. It can communicate with other devices using Bluetooth and infrared technologies to transfer content. Users can subscribe to online services, which will enable them to search and find any geographic location online (e.g., restaurant). The product line has bee... It can communicate with other devices using Bluetooth and infrared technologies to transfer content. Users can subscribe to online services, which will enable them to search and find any geographic location online (e.g., restaurant). The product line has been developed by the product designers as a sleek elegant device in twin-tone colors available in black-red, blue-white, and black-yellow combinations. The product line has been christened by the marketing team as "Rubicon". The product features and benefits are given in the table below. Table 2-1 Features & Benefits Features Benefits 3-D visuals with "real-life" feel Easier navigability Twin tone metallic color Elegant look enhancing buyer satisfaction Three color choices Will match most car interiors Faster wireless No "breaking" of images and songs during travel Online song availability Latest song downloads Internet availability Information on the move Interactive touch screen Easier usage during driving Better signal Can navigate even when surrounded by tall buildings inside the city Distribution The company currently has a wide dealer network. Its existing products are distributed through small retail shops as well as large chains of retail shops. Its distribution network also includes specialty retail shops (electronics shops). The products are also available online through various dealer websites. The existing distribution will be through company's existing distribution network. Additional specialty retails shops (automobile accessories) shall be added to the network for this product. Direct sales efforts shall be undertaken to achieve penetration in the car rental industry, and in the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) industry. Price Rubicon shall be priced at a premium to the existing

History of Baseball Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Baseball - Research Paper Example Baseball has been there for long in the history in different parts of America, Europe and Asia. Different sources maintain different records about the origin of baseball as the game, and thus make the exact origin of it debatable. However, there is no doubt in the fact that baseball has been played in America in a proper way since the later half of the 19th century. In addition to the American League that all of us are generally aware of, there used to be a Negro League as well. Evidence has been found for the claim that for centuries, the indigenous tribes of America have been playing a game much like what we know today as baseball. However, to play that game, the tribes made use of sticks and balls which were made from various kinds of materials. Like this, Cricket, that is known worldwide as an English game is much similar to baseball in nature. The similarities between cricket and baseball include but are not limited to developing the pitch for the game, the need to hit the ball with the help of a bat, and the use of mitt for the purpose of fielding. Baseball had always been there in the history of Asia as well. Moghols and Genghis Khan used to play the games that were just like the baseball though they had to be riding the horses in order to play the game. There used to be a Major League Baseball which had divided into two separate leagues, namely the National League and the American League. The latter of the two is often referred to as the Senior Circuit and this happened to be the original baseball league. With the expansion of baseball after numerous decades, the National League was added to the Senior Circuit. In America, baseball has hardly changed at all since the evolution of this game, with the basic equipment that includes a bat, a ball, a base, and a glove remaining unchanged. In the 1800s, Americans formed informal teams to play baseball. â€Å"By the 1860s, the sport, unrivaled in popularity, was being described as America's "national pastime. "† (Bellis). Discussion of the modern baseball is incomplete without discussion of Alexander Cartwright (1820-1892) who lived in New York and in 1845, founded the modern field of baseball. Cartwright together with several other members of the New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club devised rules which were internationally accepted for baseball. Steroids have played an important role in altering the history as well as the integrity of baseball. Steroids have long been part of the baseball game. There have been players who have talked about the use of steroids by the players in early 1960s, yet most players hold the consensus that baseball players did not start using steroids until late 1990s. Illegal edges have conventionally been looked for by many baseball players. They have been spitting on the balls, stealing signs, tampering the balls and making use of amphetamines to boost the energy level of the body. However, there has not been much resistance towards the use of steroids by the baseball players because of the fact that in order to be successful in baseball, one did not need to be bulky or muscular. Accordingly, consuming steroids hardly made any difference. The 1990s home run explosion was the first clue that steroids were being used by players to get stronger, quicken reflexes and play through injuries.